Characterizing the Effect of Automotive Torque Converter Design Parameters on the Onset of Cavitation at Stall
SAE Technical Papers
Title: Characterizing the Effect of Automotive Torque Converter Design Parameters on the Onset of Cavitation at StallDocument Number: 2007-01-2231
Author(s): Darrell Robinette - Michigan Technological Univ. Carl Anderson - Michigan Technological Univ. Jason Blough - Michigan Technological Univ. Mark Johnson - Michigan Technological Univ. Don Maddock - GM Powertrain Jean Schweitzer - GM Powertrain
Abstract: This paper details a study of the effects of multiple torque converter design and operating point parameters on the resistance of the converter to cavitation during vehicle launch. The onset of cavitation is determined by an identifiable change in the noise radiating from the converter during operation, when the collapse of cavitation bubbles becomes detectable by nearfield acoustical measurement instrumentation. An automated torque converter dynamometer test cell was developed to perform these studies, and special converter test fixturing is utilized to isolate the test unit from outside disturbances. A standard speed sweep test schedule is utilized, and an analytical technique for identifying the onset of cavitation from acoustical measurement is derived. Effects of torque converter diameter, torus dimensions, and pump and stator blade designs are determined.
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See other papers presented at SAE 2007 Noise and Vibration Conference and Exhibition, May 2007, St. Charles, IL, USA, Session: Engine / Powertrain / Driveline: Driveline (Part 2 of 3)
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Wednesday, October 10, 2007
Chromatography
Chromatography
This page covers topics common to the different types of chromatography. Links to the separate pages for the sub-categories of chromatography are below:
TLC
Column Chromatography
GC
Overview of common undergraduate chromatography techniques.
Three types of chromatography are routinely used in the organic chemistry teaching labs:
Column Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Gas Chromatography (GC)
In these (and all types of) chromatographies, a mixture is separated by distributing the components between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The mixture is first placed on the stationary phase (a solid or a liquid) and then the mobile phase (a gas or a liquid) is allowed to pass through the system.
Column chromatography: The stationary phase is a powdered adsorbent which is placed in a vertical glass column. The mixture to be analysed is loaded on top of this column. The mobile phase is a solvent poured on top of the loaded column. The solvent flows down the column, causing the components of the mixture to distribute between the powdered adsorbent and the solvent, thus (hopefully) separating the components of the mixture so that as the solvent flows out of the bottom of the column, some components elute with early collections and other components elute with late fractions.
Thin Layer Chromatorgraphy: The stationary phase is a powdered adorbent which is fixed to a aluminum, glass, or plastic plate. The mixture to be analyzed is loaded near the bottom of the plate. The plate is placed in a reservoir of solvent so that only the bottom of the plate is submerged. This solvent is the mobile phase; it moves up the plate causing the components of the mixture to distribute between the adsorbent on the plate and the moving solvent, thus separating the components of the mixture so that the components are separated into separate "spots" appearing from the bottom to the top of the plate.
Gas Chromatography: The stationary phase is a high-boiling liquid. (Think of it as a viscous oil, or waxy substance.) This high-boiliing liquid is packed into a long, narrow glass or metal column. The mixture to be analyzed is loaded by syringe into the beginning of this column. The mobile phase is an inert gas which continuously flows through the column. The components of the mixture distribute between the stationary high-boiling liquid (these components are either condensed or absorbed on the high-boiling liquid) and mobile gas (vapor) phase moving through the column. The gaseous mixture flows through a detector at the end of the column and if it has been successfully separated, the components show as different 'blips' or peaks on a recorder... http://orgchem.colorado.edu/hndbksupport/chrom.html
This page covers topics common to the different types of chromatography. Links to the separate pages for the sub-categories of chromatography are below:
TLC
Column Chromatography
GC
Overview of common undergraduate chromatography techniques.
Three types of chromatography are routinely used in the organic chemistry teaching labs:
Column Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Gas Chromatography (GC)
In these (and all types of) chromatographies, a mixture is separated by distributing the components between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The mixture is first placed on the stationary phase (a solid or a liquid) and then the mobile phase (a gas or a liquid) is allowed to pass through the system.
Column chromatography: The stationary phase is a powdered adsorbent which is placed in a vertical glass column. The mixture to be analysed is loaded on top of this column. The mobile phase is a solvent poured on top of the loaded column. The solvent flows down the column, causing the components of the mixture to distribute between the powdered adsorbent and the solvent, thus (hopefully) separating the components of the mixture so that as the solvent flows out of the bottom of the column, some components elute with early collections and other components elute with late fractions.
Thin Layer Chromatorgraphy: The stationary phase is a powdered adorbent which is fixed to a aluminum, glass, or plastic plate. The mixture to be analyzed is loaded near the bottom of the plate. The plate is placed in a reservoir of solvent so that only the bottom of the plate is submerged. This solvent is the mobile phase; it moves up the plate causing the components of the mixture to distribute between the adsorbent on the plate and the moving solvent, thus separating the components of the mixture so that the components are separated into separate "spots" appearing from the bottom to the top of the plate.
Gas Chromatography: The stationary phase is a high-boiling liquid. (Think of it as a viscous oil, or waxy substance.) This high-boiliing liquid is packed into a long, narrow glass or metal column. The mixture to be analyzed is loaded by syringe into the beginning of this column. The mobile phase is an inert gas which continuously flows through the column. The components of the mixture distribute between the stationary high-boiling liquid (these components are either condensed or absorbed on the high-boiling liquid) and mobile gas (vapor) phase moving through the column. The gaseous mixture flows through a detector at the end of the column and if it has been successfully separated, the components show as different 'blips' or peaks on a recorder... http://orgchem.colorado.edu/hndbksupport/chrom.html
Numerical Simulations and Experimental Study of Liquid Metal Flow Around Sand Core
Numerical Simulations and Experimental Study of Liquid Metal Flow Around Sand Core
This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical studies of the hot distortion phenomenon in the phenolic urethane cold box systems used in metal casting. Dual Pushrod Dilatometry has been used to measure a thermal expansion/contraction of phenolic urethane cold box sand core specimens at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 600°C. High temperature tensile tests showed that the tensile strength of the phenolic urethane cold box sand cores is significantly affected by the bench life, temperature and binders level. High temperature hot distortion furnace tests on cylindrical cores showed that some coatings increase the temperature limit when distortion starts, but application of coating cannot prevent distortion. The hot distortion test during metal casting showed that regardless of the application of coating, the type of coating, and anti-veining additives, all cores with density greater than the density of the molten metal (magnesium alloy) were significantly distorted. Numerical simulations of the liquid metal flow around the cylindrical sand core and analysis of dynamic forces acting on the core during the fill process showed that a buoyancy force is the major contributor to the hot distortion. It is concluded that the one of the solutions in preventing the hot distortion of sand cores is optimizing their weight, which will balance the buoyancy force and will bring the resultant force to the minimum. The hot distortion test castings using optimized sand cores with density almost equal to the density of the molten magnesium proved our predictions, and hot distortion has been prevented... http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000128000003000541000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical studies of the hot distortion phenomenon in the phenolic urethane cold box systems used in metal casting. Dual Pushrod Dilatometry has been used to measure a thermal expansion/contraction of phenolic urethane cold box sand core specimens at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 600°C. High temperature tensile tests showed that the tensile strength of the phenolic urethane cold box sand cores is significantly affected by the bench life, temperature and binders level. High temperature hot distortion furnace tests on cylindrical cores showed that some coatings increase the temperature limit when distortion starts, but application of coating cannot prevent distortion. The hot distortion test during metal casting showed that regardless of the application of coating, the type of coating, and anti-veining additives, all cores with density greater than the density of the molten metal (magnesium alloy) were significantly distorted. Numerical simulations of the liquid metal flow around the cylindrical sand core and analysis of dynamic forces acting on the core during the fill process showed that a buoyancy force is the major contributor to the hot distortion. It is concluded that the one of the solutions in preventing the hot distortion of sand cores is optimizing their weight, which will balance the buoyancy force and will bring the resultant force to the minimum. The hot distortion test castings using optimized sand cores with density almost equal to the density of the molten magnesium proved our predictions, and hot distortion has been prevented... http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000128000003000541000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
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