Friday, December 21, 2007
Monday, November 05, 2007
Die casting defects
Die casting defects: "Advantages of dieCAS® Software Unlike other general purpose casting analysis products, dieCAS® software is specialized to die casting. As a result, it can take advantage of die casting’s characteristics and achieve enormous savings in analysis time, without sacrificing solution accuracy. Below table shows die casting problems versus traditional casting analysis approach." more on dieCAS® software
Discrete Element Modeling
Discrete Element Modeling:
"A discrete element algorithm is a numerical technique which solves engineering problems that are modeled as a large system of distinct interacting general shaped (deformable or rigid) bodies or particles that are subject to gross motion. Engineering problems that exhibit such large scale discontinuous behavior cannot be solved with a conventional continuum based procedure such as the Finite Element Method. The discrete element procedure is used to determine the dynamic contact topology of the bodies. It accounts for complex non-linear interaction phenomena between bodies and numerically solves the equations of motion. Since the DEM is a very computationally intensive procedure, many existing computer codes are limited to modeling either two-dimensional or small three-dimensional problems that employ simple body geometries. " ...http://egweb.mines.edu/dem/
"A discrete element algorithm is a numerical technique which solves engineering problems that are modeled as a large system of distinct interacting general shaped (deformable or rigid) bodies or particles that are subject to gross motion. Engineering problems that exhibit such large scale discontinuous behavior cannot be solved with a conventional continuum based procedure such as the Finite Element Method. The discrete element procedure is used to determine the dynamic contact topology of the bodies. It accounts for complex non-linear interaction phenomena between bodies and numerically solves the equations of motion. Since the DEM is a very computationally intensive procedure, many existing computer codes are limited to modeling either two-dimensional or small three-dimensional problems that employ simple body geometries. " ...http://egweb.mines.edu/dem/
Wednesday, October 10, 2007
Torque Converter Design
Characterizing the Effect of Automotive Torque Converter Design Parameters on the Onset of Cavitation at Stall
SAE Technical Papers
Title: Characterizing the Effect of Automotive Torque Converter Design Parameters on the Onset of Cavitation at StallDocument Number: 2007-01-2231
Author(s): Darrell Robinette - Michigan Technological Univ. Carl Anderson - Michigan Technological Univ. Jason Blough - Michigan Technological Univ. Mark Johnson - Michigan Technological Univ. Don Maddock - GM Powertrain Jean Schweitzer - GM Powertrain
Abstract: This paper details a study of the effects of multiple torque converter design and operating point parameters on the resistance of the converter to cavitation during vehicle launch. The onset of cavitation is determined by an identifiable change in the noise radiating from the converter during operation, when the collapse of cavitation bubbles becomes detectable by nearfield acoustical measurement instrumentation. An automated torque converter dynamometer test cell was developed to perform these studies, and special converter test fixturing is utilized to isolate the test unit from outside disturbances. A standard speed sweep test schedule is utilized, and an analytical technique for identifying the onset of cavitation from acoustical measurement is derived. Effects of torque converter diameter, torus dimensions, and pump and stator blade designs are determined.
File Size: 967KProduct Status: In Stock
See other papers presented at SAE 2007 Noise and Vibration Conference and Exhibition, May 2007, St. Charles, IL, USA, Session: Engine / Powertrain / Driveline: Driveline (Part 2 of 3)
Purchase more technical papers and save! With TechSelect, you decide what SAE Technical Papers you need, when you need them, and how much you want to pay. Learn more >
SAE Technical Papers
Title: Characterizing the Effect of Automotive Torque Converter Design Parameters on the Onset of Cavitation at StallDocument Number: 2007-01-2231
Author(s): Darrell Robinette - Michigan Technological Univ. Carl Anderson - Michigan Technological Univ. Jason Blough - Michigan Technological Univ. Mark Johnson - Michigan Technological Univ. Don Maddock - GM Powertrain Jean Schweitzer - GM Powertrain
Abstract: This paper details a study of the effects of multiple torque converter design and operating point parameters on the resistance of the converter to cavitation during vehicle launch. The onset of cavitation is determined by an identifiable change in the noise radiating from the converter during operation, when the collapse of cavitation bubbles becomes detectable by nearfield acoustical measurement instrumentation. An automated torque converter dynamometer test cell was developed to perform these studies, and special converter test fixturing is utilized to isolate the test unit from outside disturbances. A standard speed sweep test schedule is utilized, and an analytical technique for identifying the onset of cavitation from acoustical measurement is derived. Effects of torque converter diameter, torus dimensions, and pump and stator blade designs are determined.
File Size: 967KProduct Status: In Stock
See other papers presented at SAE 2007 Noise and Vibration Conference and Exhibition, May 2007, St. Charles, IL, USA, Session: Engine / Powertrain / Driveline: Driveline (Part 2 of 3)
Purchase more technical papers and save! With TechSelect, you decide what SAE Technical Papers you need, when you need them, and how much you want to pay. Learn more >
Chromatography
Chromatography
This page covers topics common to the different types of chromatography. Links to the separate pages for the sub-categories of chromatography are below:
TLC
Column Chromatography
GC
Overview of common undergraduate chromatography techniques.
Three types of chromatography are routinely used in the organic chemistry teaching labs:
Column Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Gas Chromatography (GC)
In these (and all types of) chromatographies, a mixture is separated by distributing the components between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The mixture is first placed on the stationary phase (a solid or a liquid) and then the mobile phase (a gas or a liquid) is allowed to pass through the system.
Column chromatography: The stationary phase is a powdered adsorbent which is placed in a vertical glass column. The mixture to be analysed is loaded on top of this column. The mobile phase is a solvent poured on top of the loaded column. The solvent flows down the column, causing the components of the mixture to distribute between the powdered adsorbent and the solvent, thus (hopefully) separating the components of the mixture so that as the solvent flows out of the bottom of the column, some components elute with early collections and other components elute with late fractions.
Thin Layer Chromatorgraphy: The stationary phase is a powdered adorbent which is fixed to a aluminum, glass, or plastic plate. The mixture to be analyzed is loaded near the bottom of the plate. The plate is placed in a reservoir of solvent so that only the bottom of the plate is submerged. This solvent is the mobile phase; it moves up the plate causing the components of the mixture to distribute between the adsorbent on the plate and the moving solvent, thus separating the components of the mixture so that the components are separated into separate "spots" appearing from the bottom to the top of the plate.
Gas Chromatography: The stationary phase is a high-boiling liquid. (Think of it as a viscous oil, or waxy substance.) This high-boiliing liquid is packed into a long, narrow glass or metal column. The mixture to be analyzed is loaded by syringe into the beginning of this column. The mobile phase is an inert gas which continuously flows through the column. The components of the mixture distribute between the stationary high-boiling liquid (these components are either condensed or absorbed on the high-boiling liquid) and mobile gas (vapor) phase moving through the column. The gaseous mixture flows through a detector at the end of the column and if it has been successfully separated, the components show as different 'blips' or peaks on a recorder... http://orgchem.colorado.edu/hndbksupport/chrom.html
This page covers topics common to the different types of chromatography. Links to the separate pages for the sub-categories of chromatography are below:
TLC
Column Chromatography
GC
Overview of common undergraduate chromatography techniques.
Three types of chromatography are routinely used in the organic chemistry teaching labs:
Column Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Gas Chromatography (GC)
In these (and all types of) chromatographies, a mixture is separated by distributing the components between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The mixture is first placed on the stationary phase (a solid or a liquid) and then the mobile phase (a gas or a liquid) is allowed to pass through the system.
Column chromatography: The stationary phase is a powdered adsorbent which is placed in a vertical glass column. The mixture to be analysed is loaded on top of this column. The mobile phase is a solvent poured on top of the loaded column. The solvent flows down the column, causing the components of the mixture to distribute between the powdered adsorbent and the solvent, thus (hopefully) separating the components of the mixture so that as the solvent flows out of the bottom of the column, some components elute with early collections and other components elute with late fractions.
Thin Layer Chromatorgraphy: The stationary phase is a powdered adorbent which is fixed to a aluminum, glass, or plastic plate. The mixture to be analyzed is loaded near the bottom of the plate. The plate is placed in a reservoir of solvent so that only the bottom of the plate is submerged. This solvent is the mobile phase; it moves up the plate causing the components of the mixture to distribute between the adsorbent on the plate and the moving solvent, thus separating the components of the mixture so that the components are separated into separate "spots" appearing from the bottom to the top of the plate.
Gas Chromatography: The stationary phase is a high-boiling liquid. (Think of it as a viscous oil, or waxy substance.) This high-boiliing liquid is packed into a long, narrow glass or metal column. The mixture to be analyzed is loaded by syringe into the beginning of this column. The mobile phase is an inert gas which continuously flows through the column. The components of the mixture distribute between the stationary high-boiling liquid (these components are either condensed or absorbed on the high-boiling liquid) and mobile gas (vapor) phase moving through the column. The gaseous mixture flows through a detector at the end of the column and if it has been successfully separated, the components show as different 'blips' or peaks on a recorder... http://orgchem.colorado.edu/hndbksupport/chrom.html
Numerical Simulations and Experimental Study of Liquid Metal Flow Around Sand Core
Numerical Simulations and Experimental Study of Liquid Metal Flow Around Sand Core
This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical studies of the hot distortion phenomenon in the phenolic urethane cold box systems used in metal casting. Dual Pushrod Dilatometry has been used to measure a thermal expansion/contraction of phenolic urethane cold box sand core specimens at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 600°C. High temperature tensile tests showed that the tensile strength of the phenolic urethane cold box sand cores is significantly affected by the bench life, temperature and binders level. High temperature hot distortion furnace tests on cylindrical cores showed that some coatings increase the temperature limit when distortion starts, but application of coating cannot prevent distortion. The hot distortion test during metal casting showed that regardless of the application of coating, the type of coating, and anti-veining additives, all cores with density greater than the density of the molten metal (magnesium alloy) were significantly distorted. Numerical simulations of the liquid metal flow around the cylindrical sand core and analysis of dynamic forces acting on the core during the fill process showed that a buoyancy force is the major contributor to the hot distortion. It is concluded that the one of the solutions in preventing the hot distortion of sand cores is optimizing their weight, which will balance the buoyancy force and will bring the resultant force to the minimum. The hot distortion test castings using optimized sand cores with density almost equal to the density of the molten magnesium proved our predictions, and hot distortion has been prevented... http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000128000003000541000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical studies of the hot distortion phenomenon in the phenolic urethane cold box systems used in metal casting. Dual Pushrod Dilatometry has been used to measure a thermal expansion/contraction of phenolic urethane cold box sand core specimens at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 600°C. High temperature tensile tests showed that the tensile strength of the phenolic urethane cold box sand cores is significantly affected by the bench life, temperature and binders level. High temperature hot distortion furnace tests on cylindrical cores showed that some coatings increase the temperature limit when distortion starts, but application of coating cannot prevent distortion. The hot distortion test during metal casting showed that regardless of the application of coating, the type of coating, and anti-veining additives, all cores with density greater than the density of the molten metal (magnesium alloy) were significantly distorted. Numerical simulations of the liquid metal flow around the cylindrical sand core and analysis of dynamic forces acting on the core during the fill process showed that a buoyancy force is the major contributor to the hot distortion. It is concluded that the one of the solutions in preventing the hot distortion of sand cores is optimizing their weight, which will balance the buoyancy force and will bring the resultant force to the minimum. The hot distortion test castings using optimized sand cores with density almost equal to the density of the molten magnesium proved our predictions, and hot distortion has been prevented... http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000128000003000541000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
Wednesday, August 29, 2007
Capping Mechanisms during Pharmaceutical Powder Compaction
Capping Mechanisms during Pharmaceutical Powder Compaction
Wednesday, 26 April 2006 - 2:40 PM197f
Capping Mechanisms during Pharmaceutical Powder Compaction
Chuan-Yu Wu, Department of Chemical Engineering, Formulation Engineering Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
Pharmaceutical tablets are the most popular dosage form for drug delivery. The tablets are generally produced by compacting dry powders. During pharmaceutical powder compaction, the tablets produced need to sustain their integrity during the process and have to be strong enough to sustain any possible load experienced during the post-compaction processes, such as coating, packing and handling. Hence, any defects, such as chipping, capping and laminating, are not tolerable during pharmaceutical powder compaction. However, such defects are common problems during the tabletting process. Therefore, understanding the failure mechanisms of these defects has attracted considerable attention.
In this paper, only the mechanisms of capping were considered. Previous studies on capping during pharmaceutical powder compaction have been reviewed. capping mechanisms have been further explored by conducting a combined experimental and computational study on pharmaceutical powder compaction. An instrumented hydraulic press (also known as compaction simulator) has been used to investigate the powder behaviour during the compaction. In addition, an instrumented die has also been used, which enable the material properties to be extracted for some real pharmaceutical powders. Close attentions have been paid to the occurrence of capping during tabletting. An X-ray Computed Microtomography system has also used to examine the internal failure patterns of the tablets produced using the compactions simulator. Furthermore, pharmaceutical powder compaction has also been analysed using finite element (FE) methods, in which the powder was modelled as an elastic-plastic continuum medium following Drucker-Prager-Cap yield criteria and the material properties were determined from the uniaxial compaction with an instrumented die. In both experimental and numerical studies, cylindrical tablets with different surface curvatures, including Flat-face round tablets and convex tablets, were considered.
From the experimental observation, it is clear that different capping patterns were obtained for different shaped tablets: cone-shaped capping for flat-faced tablets and normal capping with essentially horizontal failure surface for convex tablets. It was also observed in the experiments that capping takes place at the early stage of decompression (unloading), i.e., the top punch begins to withdraw. Close examination of FEA results reveals that the capping is associated with an intensive shear band developed at the early stage of unloading for all cases considered. Therefore, the combined experimental and numerical studies demonstrated that the intensive shear bands developed at the early stage of unloading are responsible for the occurrence of capping.
See more of #197 - Compaction and Sintering (TWC16)See more of Topical W: Fifth World Congress on Particle TechnologySee more of The 2006 Spring National Meeting
Wednesday, 26 April 2006 - 2:40 PM197f
Capping Mechanisms during Pharmaceutical Powder Compaction
Chuan-Yu Wu, Department of Chemical Engineering, Formulation Engineering Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
Pharmaceutical tablets are the most popular dosage form for drug delivery. The tablets are generally produced by compacting dry powders. During pharmaceutical powder compaction, the tablets produced need to sustain their integrity during the process and have to be strong enough to sustain any possible load experienced during the post-compaction processes, such as coating, packing and handling. Hence, any defects, such as chipping, capping and laminating, are not tolerable during pharmaceutical powder compaction. However, such defects are common problems during the tabletting process. Therefore, understanding the failure mechanisms of these defects has attracted considerable attention.
In this paper, only the mechanisms of capping were considered. Previous studies on capping during pharmaceutical powder compaction have been reviewed. capping mechanisms have been further explored by conducting a combined experimental and computational study on pharmaceutical powder compaction. An instrumented hydraulic press (also known as compaction simulator) has been used to investigate the powder behaviour during the compaction. In addition, an instrumented die has also been used, which enable the material properties to be extracted for some real pharmaceutical powders. Close attentions have been paid to the occurrence of capping during tabletting. An X-ray Computed Microtomography system has also used to examine the internal failure patterns of the tablets produced using the compactions simulator. Furthermore, pharmaceutical powder compaction has also been analysed using finite element (FE) methods, in which the powder was modelled as an elastic-plastic continuum medium following Drucker-Prager-Cap yield criteria and the material properties were determined from the uniaxial compaction with an instrumented die. In both experimental and numerical studies, cylindrical tablets with different surface curvatures, including Flat-face round tablets and convex tablets, were considered.
From the experimental observation, it is clear that different capping patterns were obtained for different shaped tablets: cone-shaped capping for flat-faced tablets and normal capping with essentially horizontal failure surface for convex tablets. It was also observed in the experiments that capping takes place at the early stage of decompression (unloading), i.e., the top punch begins to withdraw. Close examination of FEA results reveals that the capping is associated with an intensive shear band developed at the early stage of unloading for all cases considered. Therefore, the combined experimental and numerical studies demonstrated that the intensive shear bands developed at the early stage of unloading are responsible for the occurrence of capping.
See more of #197 - Compaction and Sintering (TWC16)See more of Topical W: Fifth World Congress on Particle TechnologySee more of The 2006 Spring National Meeting
Freeze Dryer Characterization using Water Sublimation Tests and Applications for Lyocycle Scale-Up
Conference Module
Description:
Purpose: To compare lab, pilot, and production-scale freeze dryers using water sublimation tests. Sublimation tests will be used to (i) identify shelf to shelf variation and map the lyophilizer with respect to sublimation rate (ii) evaluate the maximum sublimation rate attainable without overloading the freeze dryer (iii) calculate the vial heat transfer coefficient for various locations in the freeze dryer.
Methods: Using Water for Injection (WFI), the sublimation rate, determined gravimetrically, was evaluated for lab, pilot, and production-scale freeze dryers. Steady-state heat and mass transfer relationships relevant to freeze drying were used to calculate the heat transfer coefficients and overloading conditions for each freeze dryer evaluated. The heat transfer coefficient was used to model primary drying using PassageÒ Freeze Drying software.
Results: The sublimation tests in trays demonstrated that failure of the freeze dryer (e.g. loss of pressure control) might occur if the sublimation rate exceeds the thermal load capacity. The sublimation tests also demonstrated that the sublimation rate in vials increased towards the rear of the freeze drying chamber (closest to the pipe separating chamber and condenser) and typically the lowest sublimation rates were observed on the middle shelf, indication of the “coldest zone” of the lyophilizer. The heat transfer coefficient for various locations on a shelf is also dependent on the scale of the freeze dryer. For example the heat transfer coefficient for center vials in a pilot-scale freeze dryer was approximately half of the heat transfer coefficient calculated for center vials in a lab-scale freeze dryer. The PassageÒ Freeze Drying software predicted relative drying times that were consistent with experimental data for sublimation endpoint for various size lyophilizers.
Conclusion: Data acquired from water sublimation tests can be used to ensure the freeze dryer can sustain a thermal load for specified lyocycle conditions. Sublimation test data is also used to determine hot/cold zones in the lyophilizer that should be identified as areas interest for post-lyophilization testing such as water content and reconstitution time. Sublimation test data can be also be used to compare equivalence of various capacity dryers and the PassageÒ Freeze Drying software can be used to predict the endpoint of ice sublimation which is extremely valuable for lyocycle scale-up.
Description:
Purpose: To compare lab, pilot, and production-scale freeze dryers using water sublimation tests. Sublimation tests will be used to (i) identify shelf to shelf variation and map the lyophilizer with respect to sublimation rate (ii) evaluate the maximum sublimation rate attainable without overloading the freeze dryer (iii) calculate the vial heat transfer coefficient for various locations in the freeze dryer.
Methods: Using Water for Injection (WFI), the sublimation rate, determined gravimetrically, was evaluated for lab, pilot, and production-scale freeze dryers. Steady-state heat and mass transfer relationships relevant to freeze drying were used to calculate the heat transfer coefficients and overloading conditions for each freeze dryer evaluated. The heat transfer coefficient was used to model primary drying using PassageÒ Freeze Drying software.
Results: The sublimation tests in trays demonstrated that failure of the freeze dryer (e.g. loss of pressure control) might occur if the sublimation rate exceeds the thermal load capacity. The sublimation tests also demonstrated that the sublimation rate in vials increased towards the rear of the freeze drying chamber (closest to the pipe separating chamber and condenser) and typically the lowest sublimation rates were observed on the middle shelf, indication of the “coldest zone” of the lyophilizer. The heat transfer coefficient for various locations on a shelf is also dependent on the scale of the freeze dryer. For example the heat transfer coefficient for center vials in a pilot-scale freeze dryer was approximately half of the heat transfer coefficient calculated for center vials in a lab-scale freeze dryer. The PassageÒ Freeze Drying software predicted relative drying times that were consistent with experimental data for sublimation endpoint for various size lyophilizers.
Conclusion: Data acquired from water sublimation tests can be used to ensure the freeze dryer can sustain a thermal load for specified lyocycle conditions. Sublimation test data is also used to determine hot/cold zones in the lyophilizer that should be identified as areas interest for post-lyophilization testing such as water content and reconstitution time. Sublimation test data can be also be used to compare equivalence of various capacity dryers and the PassageÒ Freeze Drying software can be used to predict the endpoint of ice sublimation which is extremely valuable for lyocycle scale-up.
Friday, August 24, 2007
Casting Simulation Software
Casting Simulation Software - Engineering Services - PASSAGE®/PowerCAST by Technalysis
Benefits
Better understanding of process parameters, cold shuts, porosity, and misruns
Ability to improve casting by design changes of mold geometry, gating, risering, chills, paddings
perform filling and solidification analyses and graphically visualize results and model conditions.
Better castings, faster results and less costly than experimental methods
Powerful design tool coupling with foundry engineer's experience
Some Application Areas
Sand castings
Permanent mold castings
Die castings
Lost foam casting
Automotive parts
Appliances
more on Passage/PowerCAST and CFD consulting services by Technalysis
Benefits
Better understanding of process parameters, cold shuts, porosity, and misruns
Ability to improve casting by design changes of mold geometry, gating, risering, chills, paddings
perform filling and solidification analyses and graphically visualize results and model conditions.
Better castings, faster results and less costly than experimental methods
Powerful design tool coupling with foundry engineer's experience
Some Application Areas
Sand castings
Permanent mold castings
Die castings
Lost foam casting
Automotive parts
Appliances
more on Passage/PowerCAST and CFD consulting services by Technalysis
Process and Analytical Technology (PAT) Initiative
Process and Analytical Technology (PAT) Initiative
CFD Process Modeling Software and Consulting for Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industry
Computer-aided Engineering (CAE) in process modeling and equipment design has become an important factor for Pharmaceutical applications and Process Analytical Technology (PAT).
CAE complements existing testing methods by reducing costs and improving quality. CAE can also be used for scale-up studies.
Since 1985, Technalysis has been providing CAE engineering services and software and accumulated considerable experience using CAE for Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Food process modeling and equipment design.
Technalysis' CFD consulting and Passage® Software can be used within wide range of application areas such as:
Processes
Chromatography
Particle flows
Filtration - Micro and Ultra filtration
Mixing - Bin mixer, bladed mixer, stirrer, V-Mixer and ribbon mixer
Agitation - Vibro-mixer, vial plunger blade, stirred tank reactor
Fermentation - Tank design, perfusion tube, jacketed reactor
Drying - Freeze drying, spray drying, vacuum shelf drying, tray and fluidized bed drying
System analysis - Flow fume collection systems, purified water distribution, filling line
Flow with particle tracking
Barrier technology - Room flow, hood and box flow
Cleanroom design
High speed filing
Drug delivery devices
Melting and freezing phase changes
Passage Software can be used with many other applications or can be customized for specific need.
CFD Process Modeling Software and Consulting for Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industry
Computer-aided Engineering (CAE) in process modeling and equipment design has become an important factor for Pharmaceutical applications and Process Analytical Technology (PAT).
CAE complements existing testing methods by reducing costs and improving quality. CAE can also be used for scale-up studies.
Since 1985, Technalysis has been providing CAE engineering services and software and accumulated considerable experience using CAE for Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Food process modeling and equipment design.
Technalysis' CFD consulting and Passage® Software can be used within wide range of application areas such as:
Processes
Chromatography
Particle flows
Filtration - Micro and Ultra filtration
Mixing - Bin mixer, bladed mixer, stirrer, V-Mixer and ribbon mixer
Agitation - Vibro-mixer, vial plunger blade, stirred tank reactor
Fermentation - Tank design, perfusion tube, jacketed reactor
Drying - Freeze drying, spray drying, vacuum shelf drying, tray and fluidized bed drying
System analysis - Flow fume collection systems, purified water distribution, filling line
Flow with particle tracking
Barrier technology - Room flow, hood and box flow
Cleanroom design
High speed filing
Drug delivery devices
Melting and freezing phase changes
Passage Software can be used with many other applications or can be customized for specific need.
Friday, June 29, 2007
Computer-Aided Design of a Water Pump Impeller for the Chrysler 4.0-Liter 6-Cylinder Engine
Computer-Aided Design of a Water Pump Impeller for the Chrysler 4.0-Liter 6-Cylinder Engine
Abstract: The development process of a water pump impeller used on a sport utility vehicle engine is described. A review of the design process is presented in this paper including the computer-aided flow analysis together with testing procedures. By computer modeling, one can estimate the coolant flow characteristics of a given impeller blade shape for providing increased cooling performance and improved efficiency on the engine. It also provides directions for the improved design. The test data are used specifically to confirm the analysis results.
Abstract: The development process of a water pump impeller used on a sport utility vehicle engine is described. A review of the design process is presented in this paper including the computer-aided flow analysis together with testing procedures. By computer modeling, one can estimate the coolant flow characteristics of a given impeller blade shape for providing increased cooling performance and improved efficiency on the engine. It also provides directions for the improved design. The test data are used specifically to confirm the analysis results.
Thursday, June 28, 2007
Freeze Dryer Characterization using Water Sublimation Tests and Applications for Lyocycle Scale-Up
Conference Module
Freeze Dryer Characterization using Water Sublimation Tests and Applications for Lyocycle Scale-Up
Tracks:
Contributed Papers: Process Scale-Up, Validation, and Technology Transfer
Date/Time:
Tuesday, October 31, 2006 2:00 PM - 6:00 PM
Location:
T3264
Description:
Purpose: To compare lab, pilot, and production-scale freeze dryers using water sublimation tests. Sublimation tests will be used to (i) identify shelf to shelf variation and map the lyophilizer with respect to sublimation rate (ii) evaluate the maximum sublimation rate attainable without overloading the freeze dryer (iii) calculate the vial heat transfer coefficient for various locations in the freeze dryer.
Methods: Using Water for Injection (WFI), the sublimation rate, determined gravimetrically, was evaluated for lab, pilot, and production-scale freeze dryers. Steady-state heat and mass transfer relationships relevant to freeze drying were used to calculate the heat transfer coefficients and overloading conditions for each freeze dryer evaluated. The heat transfer coefficient was used to model primary drying using PassageÒ Freeze Drying software.
Results: The sublimation tests in trays demonstrated that failure of the freeze dryer (e.g. loss of pressure control) might occur if the sublimation rate exceeds the thermal load capacity. The sublimation tests also demonstrated that the sublimation rate in vials increased towards the rear of the freeze drying chamber (closest to the pipe separating chamber and condenser) and typically the lowest sublimation rates were observed on the middle shelf, indication of the “coldest zone” of the lyophilizer. The heat transfer coefficient for various locations on a shelf is also dependent on the scale of the freeze dryer. For example the heat transfer coefficient for center vials in a pilot-scale freeze dryer was approximately half of the heat transfer coefficient calculated for center vials in a lab-scale freeze dryer. The PassageÒ Freeze Drying software predicted relative drying times that were consistent with experimental data for sublimation endpoint for various size lyophilizers.
Conclusion: Data acquired from water sublimation tests can be used to ensure the freeze dryer can sustain a thermal load for specified lyocycle conditions. Sublimation test data is also used to determine hot/cold zones in the lyophilizer that should be identified as areas interest for post-lyophilization testing such as water content and reconstitution time. Sublimation test data can be also be used to compare equivalence of various capacity dryers and the PassageÒ Freeze Drying software can be used to predict the endpoint of ice sublimation which is extremely valuable for lyocycle scale-up.
Freeze Dryer Characterization using Water Sublimation Tests and Applications for Lyocycle Scale-Up
Tracks:
Contributed Papers: Process Scale-Up, Validation, and Technology Transfer
Date/Time:
Tuesday, October 31, 2006 2:00 PM - 6:00 PM
Location:
T3264
Description:
Purpose: To compare lab, pilot, and production-scale freeze dryers using water sublimation tests. Sublimation tests will be used to (i) identify shelf to shelf variation and map the lyophilizer with respect to sublimation rate (ii) evaluate the maximum sublimation rate attainable without overloading the freeze dryer (iii) calculate the vial heat transfer coefficient for various locations in the freeze dryer.
Methods: Using Water for Injection (WFI), the sublimation rate, determined gravimetrically, was evaluated for lab, pilot, and production-scale freeze dryers. Steady-state heat and mass transfer relationships relevant to freeze drying were used to calculate the heat transfer coefficients and overloading conditions for each freeze dryer evaluated. The heat transfer coefficient was used to model primary drying using PassageÒ Freeze Drying software.
Results: The sublimation tests in trays demonstrated that failure of the freeze dryer (e.g. loss of pressure control) might occur if the sublimation rate exceeds the thermal load capacity. The sublimation tests also demonstrated that the sublimation rate in vials increased towards the rear of the freeze drying chamber (closest to the pipe separating chamber and condenser) and typically the lowest sublimation rates were observed on the middle shelf, indication of the “coldest zone” of the lyophilizer. The heat transfer coefficient for various locations on a shelf is also dependent on the scale of the freeze dryer. For example the heat transfer coefficient for center vials in a pilot-scale freeze dryer was approximately half of the heat transfer coefficient calculated for center vials in a lab-scale freeze dryer. The PassageÒ Freeze Drying software predicted relative drying times that were consistent with experimental data for sublimation endpoint for various size lyophilizers.
Conclusion: Data acquired from water sublimation tests can be used to ensure the freeze dryer can sustain a thermal load for specified lyocycle conditions. Sublimation test data is also used to determine hot/cold zones in the lyophilizer that should be identified as areas interest for post-lyophilization testing such as water content and reconstitution time. Sublimation test data can be also be used to compare equivalence of various capacity dryers and the PassageÒ Freeze Drying software can be used to predict the endpoint of ice sublimation which is extremely valuable for lyocycle scale-up.
Friday, June 22, 2007
Water Pump Design Software - Technalysis' CAE Engineering - CFD Software
Water Pump Design Software - Technalysis' CAE Engineering - CFD Software
Technalysis' CAE Expertise in Water Pump and Other Fluid Flowing Equipment Design
PASSAGE® software is a proven predictor of flow performance in pumps and other fluid moving equipment. The method used for water pump design focuses on analyzing the impeller and impeller housing and matching their combined performance. The results from flow models are evaluated to determine the impact of pump geometry on performance, flow capacity, and cavitations... more on water pump design using Passage Software.
Technalysis' CAE Expertise in Water Pump and Other Fluid Flowing Equipment Design
PASSAGE® software is a proven predictor of flow performance in pumps and other fluid moving equipment. The method used for water pump design focuses on analyzing the impeller and impeller housing and matching their combined performance. The results from flow models are evaluated to determine the impact of pump geometry on performance, flow capacity, and cavitations... more on water pump design using Passage Software.
Wednesday, June 20, 2007
Chromatography Techniques using CFD
Chromatography Techniques using CFD
Chromatography - Some Objectives of Using CAE
Understand effects of distributor and collector designs and process parameters on flow field.
Define a system that provides "plug flow”.
Eliminate back mixing in distribution system
Chromatography Calculations Using Passage Software
Velocity field inside column
Determine flow uniformity, plug flow
Locate channeling & vortexing regions
Back mixing in distributors
Statistical analysis of velocity variations
Degree of velocity variation and percentage of column affected
Performance comparison of different column configurations ... more on cfd consulting and software
Chromatography - Some Objectives of Using CAE
Understand effects of distributor and collector designs and process parameters on flow field.
Define a system that provides "plug flow”.
Eliminate back mixing in distribution system
Chromatography Calculations Using Passage Software
Velocity field inside column
Determine flow uniformity, plug flow
Locate channeling & vortexing regions
Back mixing in distributors
Statistical analysis of velocity variations
Degree of velocity variation and percentage of column affected
Performance comparison of different column configurations ... more on cfd consulting and software
Monday, June 04, 2007
CFD Process Modeling Software
CFD Process Modeling Software and Consulting for Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industry
Computer-aided Engineering (CAE) in process modeling and equipment design has become an important factor for Pharmaceutical applications and Process Analytical Technology (PAT).
CAE complements existing testing methods by reducing costs and improving quality. CAE can also be used for scale-up studies.
Since 1985, Technalysis has been providing CAE engineering services and software and accumulated considerable experience using CAE for Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Food process modeling and equipment design.
Computer-aided Engineering (CAE) in process modeling and equipment design has become an important factor for Pharmaceutical applications and Process Analytical Technology (PAT).
CAE complements existing testing methods by reducing costs and improving quality. CAE can also be used for scale-up studies.
Since 1985, Technalysis has been providing CAE engineering services and software and accumulated considerable experience using CAE for Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Food process modeling and equipment design.
Chromatography Techniques using CFD
Chromatography Techniques using CFD
Chromatography - Some Objectives of Using CAE
Understand effects of distributor and collector designs and process parameters on flow field.
Define a system that provides "plug flow”.
Eliminate back mixing in distribution system
Chromatography Calculations Using Passage Software
Velocity field inside column
Determine flow uniformity, plug flow
Locate channeling & vortexing regions
Back mixing in distributors
Statistical analysis of velocity variations
Degree of velocity variation and percentage of column affected
Performance comparison of different column configurations
Chromatography - Some Objectives of Using CAE
Understand effects of distributor and collector designs and process parameters on flow field.
Define a system that provides "plug flow”.
Eliminate back mixing in distribution system
Chromatography Calculations Using Passage Software
Velocity field inside column
Determine flow uniformity, plug flow
Locate channeling & vortexing regions
Back mixing in distributors
Statistical analysis of velocity variations
Degree of velocity variation and percentage of column affected
Performance comparison of different column configurations
Tuesday, May 29, 2007
Die casting defects
Die casting software
Advantages of dieCAS® Software
Unlike other general purpose casting analysis products, dieCAS® software is specialized to die casting. As a result, it can take advantage of die casting’s characteristics and achieve enormous savings in analysis time, without sacrificing solution accuracy.
The analysis is based on a shell-like finite element model of the casting together with a three-dimensional finite element model of the die. This combination creates the following unique advantages:
Direct Calculation of the Steady Periodic Die Temperatures. Unlike all other commercial systems, dieCAS® software does not have to analyze the leading process transient to calculate die temperatures at steady state. This reduces computer time from several days (and even weeks for a large die) to a few hours.
Simplified Model Creation & Editing. Because dieCAS® uses three-dimensional unstructured finite element meshes automatically, the user has to generate only the surface mesh to create the volume mesh automatically. This simplifies the process of both creating and editing the die model. Since cooling lines are represented by one-dimensional elements in the die interior, they can be altered independently of the die model.
Rapid Analysis of Cavity Fill. The unique two-dimensional representation of the die cavity enables an extremely fast analysis of liquid metal flow during cavity fill. Cavity fill run times for even large castings are just a few hours, compared with several days for conventional methods.
Complete Thermo-Mechanical Model of Casting and Die Distortion. Thermal distortions and residual stresses are calculated with minimal user input after the completion of filling and thermal analyses. All Results are available in about an hour, even on very large dies
Advantages of dieCAS® Software
Unlike other general purpose casting analysis products, dieCAS® software is specialized to die casting. As a result, it can take advantage of die casting’s characteristics and achieve enormous savings in analysis time, without sacrificing solution accuracy.
The analysis is based on a shell-like finite element model of the casting together with a three-dimensional finite element model of the die. This combination creates the following unique advantages:
Direct Calculation of the Steady Periodic Die Temperatures. Unlike all other commercial systems, dieCAS® software does not have to analyze the leading process transient to calculate die temperatures at steady state. This reduces computer time from several days (and even weeks for a large die) to a few hours.
Simplified Model Creation & Editing. Because dieCAS® uses three-dimensional unstructured finite element meshes automatically, the user has to generate only the surface mesh to create the volume mesh automatically. This simplifies the process of both creating and editing the die model. Since cooling lines are represented by one-dimensional elements in the die interior, they can be altered independently of the die model.
Rapid Analysis of Cavity Fill. The unique two-dimensional representation of the die cavity enables an extremely fast analysis of liquid metal flow during cavity fill. Cavity fill run times for even large castings are just a few hours, compared with several days for conventional methods.
Complete Thermo-Mechanical Model of Casting and Die Distortion. Thermal distortions and residual stresses are calculated with minimal user input after the completion of filling and thermal analyses. All Results are available in about an hour, even on very large dies
Tuesday, May 22, 2007
Spray Drying Process
Spray Drying Process
Computer-aided Engineering (CAE) in process modeling and equipment design has become an important factor for Pharmaceutical applications and Process Analytical Technology (PAT). CAE complements existing testing methods by reducing costs and improving quality. CAE can also be used for scale-up studies.
Some Objectives of Using CAE for Spray Drying Process
Identify system and process parameters to maximize residence time of droplets/particles
Predict temperatures and phase change of product to ensure product stability
Some Benefits of Using CAE
Minimize cost of testing to optimize design and process conditions
Increase yield and minimize loss of product due to "glassing"
"What if" scenarios can be tried for day-to-day operations, as well as design optimization
Since 1985, Technalysis has been providing CAE engineering services and software and accumulated considerable experience using CAE for Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Food process modeling and equipment design. Please contact us to discuss your needs.
Computer-aided Engineering (CAE) in process modeling and equipment design has become an important factor for Pharmaceutical applications and Process Analytical Technology (PAT). CAE complements existing testing methods by reducing costs and improving quality. CAE can also be used for scale-up studies.
Some Objectives of Using CAE for Spray Drying Process
Identify system and process parameters to maximize residence time of droplets/particles
Predict temperatures and phase change of product to ensure product stability
Some Benefits of Using CAE
Minimize cost of testing to optimize design and process conditions
Increase yield and minimize loss of product due to "glassing"
"What if" scenarios can be tried for day-to-day operations, as well as design optimization
Since 1985, Technalysis has been providing CAE engineering services and software and accumulated considerable experience using CAE for Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Food process modeling and equipment design. Please contact us to discuss your needs.
Fermentation technology
Fermentation technology
Computer-aided Engineering (CAE) in process modeling and equipment design has become an important factor for Pharmaceutical applications and Process Analytical Technology (PAT). CAE complements existing testing methods by reducing costs and improving quality. CAE can also be used for scale-up studies. Since 1985, Technalysis has been providing CAE engineering services and software and accumulated considerable experience using CAE for Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Food process modeling and equipment design. Please contact us to discuss your needs.Technalysis' Passage Software already have many application areas for Pharmaceutical application. However, Technalysis can customize its Passage Software based on specific application.
Some Objectives of Using CAE for Fermentation Tank Design
Simulate fluid mixing and heat transfer
Determine influence of cone angle on fluid mixing and temperature distribution
Locate temperature sensors for accurate process control ...more on using CAE for fermentation technology
Computer-aided Engineering (CAE) in process modeling and equipment design has become an important factor for Pharmaceutical applications and Process Analytical Technology (PAT). CAE complements existing testing methods by reducing costs and improving quality. CAE can also be used for scale-up studies. Since 1985, Technalysis has been providing CAE engineering services and software and accumulated considerable experience using CAE for Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Food process modeling and equipment design. Please contact us to discuss your needs.Technalysis' Passage Software already have many application areas for Pharmaceutical application. However, Technalysis can customize its Passage Software based on specific application.
Some Objectives of Using CAE for Fermentation Tank Design
Simulate fluid mixing and heat transfer
Determine influence of cone angle on fluid mixing and temperature distribution
Locate temperature sensors for accurate process control ...more on using CAE for fermentation technology
Monday, May 21, 2007
Process Analytical Technologies (PAT)
Phase Technologies, Inc.
Phase Technologies, Inc. is an organization that is dedicated to applying the Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) guidelines to the lyophilizationand the freeze-drying processes that are used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and diagnostic products. The application of PAT Guidelines to lyophilization and freeze drying requires that the processes be based on science rather than art. Use the links on this page to learn more about how the instrumentation, equipment, technical information, educational programs and services that we offer can bring the PAT guidelines to the lyophilization and freeze drying processes. The following provides you with an easy to use web map of this site.
Process Analytical Technologies (PAT)
Moisture in Elastomer Closures -
Closure Moisture Analyzer (CMA) A rapid (1 sec.) and non-destructive instrument for monitoring the moisture in closures.
Publications - Papers and publications pertaining to PAT and moisture in closures
PowerPoint Presentations - PowerPoint Presentations on PAT and moisture in closure... more at http://www.phase-technologies.com/
Phase Technologies, Inc. is an organization that is dedicated to applying the Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) guidelines to the lyophilizationand the freeze-drying processes that are used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and diagnostic products. The application of PAT Guidelines to lyophilization and freeze drying requires that the processes be based on science rather than art. Use the links on this page to learn more about how the instrumentation, equipment, technical information, educational programs and services that we offer can bring the PAT guidelines to the lyophilization and freeze drying processes. The following provides you with an easy to use web map of this site.
Process Analytical Technologies (PAT)
Moisture in Elastomer Closures -
Closure Moisture Analyzer (CMA) A rapid (1 sec.) and non-destructive instrument for monitoring the moisture in closures.
Publications - Papers and publications pertaining to PAT and moisture in closures
PowerPoint Presentations - PowerPoint Presentations on PAT and moisture in closure... more at http://www.phase-technologies.com/
Tuesday, May 08, 2007
Casting Simulation Software
Casting Simulation Software - Engineering Services - PASSAGE®/PowerCAST by Technalysis
Overview
PASSAGE®/PowerCAST casting simulation software is a 3-D Finite Element program for predicting the manufacturability of cast parts.
Overview
PASSAGE®/PowerCAST casting simulation software is a 3-D Finite Element program for predicting the manufacturability of cast parts.
Discrete Element Modeling
Discrete Element Modeling - Passage DEM Software- Passage Discrete Element Method (DEM) Software
Overview :
PASSAGE® Discrete Element Method (DEM) Software is for predicting the flow particles under a wide variety of forces. It can be used alone or together with our PASSAGE®/FLOW Software.
Some Application Areas
Computers Printers
Pharmaceutical
Processes Food
Processing Material
Processing Mixing
Problems
Custom software
Overview :
PASSAGE® Discrete Element Method (DEM) Software is for predicting the flow particles under a wide variety of forces. It can be used alone or together with our PASSAGE®/FLOW Software.
Some Application Areas
Computers Printers
Pharmaceutical
Processes Food
Processing Material
Processing Mixing
Problems
Custom software
Process and Analytical Technology (PAT) Initiative
Process and Analytical Technology (PAT) Initiative
Process Analytical Technology is:
a system for designing, analyzing, and controlling manufacturing through timely measurements (i.e., during processing) of critical quality and performance attributes of raw and in-process materials and processes with the goal of ensuring final product quality.
It is important to note that the term analytical in PAT is viewed broadly to include chemical, physical, microbiological, mathematical, and risk analysis conducted in an integrated manner.
Process Analytical Technology tools:
There are many current and new tools available that enable scientific, risk-managed pharmaceutical development, manufacture, and quality assurance. These tools, when used within a system can provide effective and efficient means for acquiring information to facilitate process understanding, develop risk-mitigation strategies, achieve continuous improvement, and share information and knowledge. In the PAT framework, these tools can be categorized as:
Multivariate data acquisition and analysis tools
Modern process analyzers or process analytical chemistry tools
Process and endpoint monitoring and control tools
Continuous improvement and knowledge management tools
An appropriate combination of some, or all, of these tools may be applicable to a single-unit operation, or to an entire manufacturing process and its quality assurance. more....Process and Analytical Technology (PAT) Initiative
Related CAE resources by Technalysis, Inc.
CFD consulting and CFD software - flow modeling, freeze drying, powder mixing...
Process Analytical Technology is:
a system for designing, analyzing, and controlling manufacturing through timely measurements (i.e., during processing) of critical quality and performance attributes of raw and in-process materials and processes with the goal of ensuring final product quality.
It is important to note that the term analytical in PAT is viewed broadly to include chemical, physical, microbiological, mathematical, and risk analysis conducted in an integrated manner.
Process Analytical Technology tools:
There are many current and new tools available that enable scientific, risk-managed pharmaceutical development, manufacture, and quality assurance. These tools, when used within a system can provide effective and efficient means for acquiring information to facilitate process understanding, develop risk-mitigation strategies, achieve continuous improvement, and share information and knowledge. In the PAT framework, these tools can be categorized as:
Multivariate data acquisition and analysis tools
Modern process analyzers or process analytical chemistry tools
Process and endpoint monitoring and control tools
Continuous improvement and knowledge management tools
An appropriate combination of some, or all, of these tools may be applicable to a single-unit operation, or to an entire manufacturing process and its quality assurance. more....Process and Analytical Technology (PAT) Initiative
Related CAE resources by Technalysis, Inc.
CFD consulting and CFD software - flow modeling, freeze drying, powder mixing...
Wednesday, May 02, 2007
Process Analytical Technology (PAT) - Chromatography
CFD Process Modeling Software for Pharmaceutical and Chemical IndustryTechnalysis has been providing advanced CAE technology to the pharmaceutical and chemical companies and its suppliers with its Technalysis® Engineering and Passage® Software within wide range of application areas... http://technalysis.us/pharmaceutical_industry.aspx
Thursday, April 26, 2007
Nanotechnology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nanotechnology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
CAE Software for Nanotechnology
Discrete Element Modeling Passage DEM Software by Technalysis
CAE Software for Nanotechnology
Discrete Element Modeling Passage DEM Software by Technalysis
Friday, April 20, 2007
Wednesday, January 31, 2007
Freeze Dryer Characterization using Water Sublimation Tests and Applications for Lyocycle Scale-Up
Freeze Dryer Characterization using Water Sublimation Tests and Applications for Lyocycle Scale-Up
Description:
Purpose: To compare lab, pilot, and production-scale freeze dryers using water sublimation tests. Sublimation tests will be used to (i) identify shelf to shelf variation and map the lyophilizer with respect to sublimation rate (ii) evaluate the maximum sublimation rate attainable without overloading the freeze dryer (iii) calculate the vial heat transfer coefficient for various locations in the freeze dryer.
Methods: Using Water for Injection (WFI), the sublimation rate, determined gravimetrically, was evaluated for lab, pilot, and production-scale freeze dryers. Steady-state heat and mass transfer relationships relevant to freeze drying were used to calculate the heat transfer coefficients and overloading conditions for each freeze dryer evaluated. The heat transfer coefficient was used to model primary drying using Passage Freeze Drying software.
Results: The sublimation tests in trays demonstrated that failure of the freeze dryer (e.g. loss of pressure control) might occur if the sublimation rate exceeds the thermal load capacity. The sublimation tests also demonstrated that the sublimation rate in vials increased towards the rear of the freeze drying chamber (closest to the pipe separating chamber and condenser) and typically the lowest sublimation rates were observed on the middle shelf, indication of the “coldest zone” of the lyophilizer. The heat transfer coefficient for various locations on a shelf is also dependent on the scale of the freeze dryer. For example the heat transfer coefficient for center vials in a pilot-scale freeze dryer was approximately half of the heat transfer coefficient calculated for center vials in a lab-scale freeze dryer. The PassageÒ Freeze Drying software predicted relative drying times that were consistent with experimental data for sublimation endpoint for various size lyophilizers.
Conclusion: Data acquired from water sublimation tests can be used to ensure the freeze dryer can sustain a thermal load for specified lyocycle conditions. Sublimation test data is also used to determine hot/cold zones in the lyophilizer that should be identified as areas interest for post-lyophilization testing such as water content and reconstitution time. Sublimation test data can be also be used to compare equivalence of various capacity dryers and the Passage Freeze Drying software can be used to predict the endpoint of ice sublimation which is extremely valuable for lyocycle scale-up.
Description:
Purpose: To compare lab, pilot, and production-scale freeze dryers using water sublimation tests. Sublimation tests will be used to (i) identify shelf to shelf variation and map the lyophilizer with respect to sublimation rate (ii) evaluate the maximum sublimation rate attainable without overloading the freeze dryer (iii) calculate the vial heat transfer coefficient for various locations in the freeze dryer.
Methods: Using Water for Injection (WFI), the sublimation rate, determined gravimetrically, was evaluated for lab, pilot, and production-scale freeze dryers. Steady-state heat and mass transfer relationships relevant to freeze drying were used to calculate the heat transfer coefficients and overloading conditions for each freeze dryer evaluated. The heat transfer coefficient was used to model primary drying using Passage Freeze Drying software.
Results: The sublimation tests in trays demonstrated that failure of the freeze dryer (e.g. loss of pressure control) might occur if the sublimation rate exceeds the thermal load capacity. The sublimation tests also demonstrated that the sublimation rate in vials increased towards the rear of the freeze drying chamber (closest to the pipe separating chamber and condenser) and typically the lowest sublimation rates were observed on the middle shelf, indication of the “coldest zone” of the lyophilizer. The heat transfer coefficient for various locations on a shelf is also dependent on the scale of the freeze dryer. For example the heat transfer coefficient for center vials in a pilot-scale freeze dryer was approximately half of the heat transfer coefficient calculated for center vials in a lab-scale freeze dryer. The PassageÒ Freeze Drying software predicted relative drying times that were consistent with experimental data for sublimation endpoint for various size lyophilizers.
Conclusion: Data acquired from water sublimation tests can be used to ensure the freeze dryer can sustain a thermal load for specified lyocycle conditions. Sublimation test data is also used to determine hot/cold zones in the lyophilizer that should be identified as areas interest for post-lyophilization testing such as water content and reconstitution time. Sublimation test data can be also be used to compare equivalence of various capacity dryers and the Passage Freeze Drying software can be used to predict the endpoint of ice sublimation which is extremely valuable for lyocycle scale-up.
CFD Consulting
CFD Consulting - Flow Modeling Software - Discrete Element Modeling - CFD Flow Software: "Technalysis' CAE & CFD Consulting and SoftwareSince 1985, Technalysis has been providing advanced CAE technology involving fluids, materials and manufacturing processes within wide range of industrial applications with its Technalysis® Consulting and Passage® Software.
Technalysis specializes solving complex fluid flow and heat transfer problems using computational fluid dynamics and other advance CAE solutions.
Technalysis' CAE - CFD flow modeling capabilities can fully support or complement and enhance clients engineering capabilities in product design and manufacturing.
Technalysis specializes solving complex fluid flow and heat transfer problems using computational fluid dynamics and other advance CAE solutions.
Technalysis' CAE - CFD flow modeling capabilities can fully support or complement and enhance clients engineering capabilities in product design and manufacturing.
Thursday, January 18, 2007
Water Pump Design Software - Technalysis' CAE Engineering - CFD Software
Water Pump Design Software - Technalysis' CAE Engineering - CFD Software: "Technalysis' CAE Expertise in Water Pump and Other Fluid Flowing Equipment DesignPASSAGEÒ software is a proven predictor of flow performance in pumps and other fluid moving equipment. The method used for water pump design focuses on analyzing the impeller and impeller housing and matching their combined performance. The results from flow models are evaluated to determine the impact of pump geometry on performance, flow capacity, and cavitation.
The flow characteristics of the housing are evaluated by analyzing velocity and pressure distribution inside the housing and the flow behavior around the tongue area (cut off). The major design parameters studied include pressure gain of the housing, areas where losses are occurring, the effectiveness of the tongue design, circulation inside the housing, and flow distribution at the housing exit. The combined performance of the impeller and the housing are matched to optimize the performance of both components.
Technalysis furnishes design services to meet the objectives of your next pump requirement by:
· Evaluating current water pump performance
· Establishing impeller and housing changes for performance improvement:
1. increased water pump capacity
2. improved water pump efficiency
3. and elimination of cavitation"
The flow characteristics of the housing are evaluated by analyzing velocity and pressure distribution inside the housing and the flow behavior around the tongue area (cut off). The major design parameters studied include pressure gain of the housing, areas where losses are occurring, the effectiveness of the tongue design, circulation inside the housing, and flow distribution at the housing exit. The combined performance of the impeller and the housing are matched to optimize the performance of both components.
Technalysis furnishes design services to meet the objectives of your next pump requirement by:
· Evaluating current water pump performance
· Establishing impeller and housing changes for performance improvement:
1. increased water pump capacity
2. improved water pump efficiency
3. and elimination of cavitation"
Freeze Drying Process – Simulation of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Food Freeze Drying Processes
Freeze Drying Process – Simulation of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Food Freeze Drying Processes: "Freeze Drying Process - PASSAGEâ/Freeze Drying SoftwarePassage®/FreezeDrying is a computer program designed for the simulation of freeze drying processes in vials and pans.
Passage®/FreezeDrying provides modeling of containers with axisymmetric boundary conditions with both primary and secondary drying simulation capabilities. The software also handles containers with asymmetric boundary conditions, as in the case of vials placed in corners or near the walls of freeze-drying ovens.
The user-friendly, interactive preprocessor accepts externally generated meshes and support automatic entry of material properties, process conditions, and display of geometry.
Passage®/FreezeDrying also has user-friendly, interactive post-processing modules which display the computed temperature, vapor concentration, water pressure, and glass transition distributions in the form of contour plots and x-y graphs. Animation of sublimation front movements can also be obtained easily.
Some objectives of using CAE is to identify freeze drying process conditions to:
Maximize drying rate and increase production
Prevent chemical & structural degradation
Provide uniform drying throughout the material
Predict drying time for primary and secondary stages to desired levels of water concentration
Some results of the analysis:
Time for primary and secondary drying of products
Location for isolated islands of ice in pan drying
Concentration contours
Absorbed water concentration
Interface position in time
Sublimation frontal movement
Temperature contours and history
Water pressure contours
FreezeDrying brochure "
Passage®/FreezeDrying provides modeling of containers with axisymmetric boundary conditions with both primary and secondary drying simulation capabilities. The software also handles containers with asymmetric boundary conditions, as in the case of vials placed in corners or near the walls of freeze-drying ovens.
The user-friendly, interactive preprocessor accepts externally generated meshes and support automatic entry of material properties, process conditions, and display of geometry.
Passage®/FreezeDrying also has user-friendly, interactive post-processing modules which display the computed temperature, vapor concentration, water pressure, and glass transition distributions in the form of contour plots and x-y graphs. Animation of sublimation front movements can also be obtained easily.
Some objectives of using CAE is to identify freeze drying process conditions to:
Maximize drying rate and increase production
Prevent chemical & structural degradation
Provide uniform drying throughout the material
Predict drying time for primary and secondary stages to desired levels of water concentration
Some results of the analysis:
Time for primary and secondary drying of products
Location for isolated islands of ice in pan drying
Concentration contours
Absorbed water concentration
Interface position in time
Sublimation frontal movement
Temperature contours and history
Water pressure contours
FreezeDrying brochure "
Wednesday, January 17, 2007
Mold Flow Software & Design - Compression - Injection Molding
Mold Flow Software & Design - Compression - Injection Molding: "PASSAGE®/COMPRESSION is a finite element program for the mold filling simulation of complex three-dimensional, thin-walled parts.
Flow models include: Barone-Caulk hydrodynamic friction and generalized Newtonian fluid to simulate the non-isothermal filling of SMC, BMC, and glass; fiber orientation for SMC and curing kinetics for thermosets.
A high-pressure in-mold coating simulation option is also available.
A user-friendly preprocessor allows mesh generation and capability to accept externally generated
meshes with interactive entry of process conditions and numerical control parameters.
Results are viewed with an interactive post-processor that features dynamic rotation and zooming animation of results, and viewing options for color contour and vector plots."
Flow models include: Barone-Caulk hydrodynamic friction and generalized Newtonian fluid to simulate the non-isothermal filling of SMC, BMC, and glass; fiber orientation for SMC and curing kinetics for thermosets.
A high-pressure in-mold coating simulation option is also available.
A user-friendly preprocessor allows mesh generation and capability to accept externally generated
meshes with interactive entry of process conditions and numerical control parameters.
Results are viewed with an interactive post-processor that features dynamic rotation and zooming animation of results, and viewing options for color contour and vector plots."
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